Elastic-fluid turbine.



PATENTED MAR. 8g 1964.

Nox {754,292,

L. EMMET- ELASTIG LUD TURBINE. AYPLIGATIGN 211.121) MR. 14, 1903. A

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

N0 MODEL.

WiiieSS'eS-z PATENTE MAR. s, 1904.

W. L. R. EMMBT. ELASTG FLUID TURBINE. APPLIDATON FILED MAB. 14, 1903, .No MODEL. 4 SHEETS-Smm 2.

mg. 2- 50 217 IE/l 317/ l l I/ fiamme 5 24 5?: 35a 'u' 1mm K M im 4 IIH ,wrm 'cr-'1" mm. m 5e l E@ @A 754,292. PATENT@ MAR. 8, 1904.`

W. L. B. EMMBT. ELASTIG rLUID TURBNR APPLICATION FILED MAR. 14, IQGS.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

ND MODEL. I

Wnesses MM Y f l "35 W'l l a a earn L .,Fe. Emmen" i PATENTED MAR. 8, 1904. W. L. R. EMMET. 1

BLASTIG mm TURBNE.

APLIOATION FILED MAE. l. 1903.

4' SHEETS-SHEET 4.

UNITE@ STATES Patented March 8, 1904.

PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM L. R. EMMET, OF SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

ELASTlC-FLUID TURBINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 754,292, dated March 8, 1904.

Application filed March 14, 1903.

To cl/ZZ whom, it may concern,.-

Be it known that I, WILLIAM L. R. EMMET, a citizen of the United States, residing at Schenectady, in the county of Schenectady, State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Elastic-Fluid Turbines, of which the following is a specification.

The present invention has for its object to provide a high -e'iliciency turbine and one which is simple in construction, so that it may be assembled and alined or taken down by workmen oi' ordinary skill.

In the accompanying description and claims will be set forth with particularity the arrangement of parts whereby I am enabled to obtain the advantages sought.

In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate an embodiment of my invention, Figure 1 is a partial elevation oi' a turbine in quarter-section. Fig. 2 is an enlarged section of three of the stages. Fig. 3 is a viewin side elevation of the cover for the high-pressure shell. Fig. 4 is a plan view of said cover. Fig. 5 is a plan View of one of the sections of the casing. Fig. 6 is a side elevation of a segment or sector of the detachable wheel-buckets. Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section oi' one or' the nozzles. Fig. 8 is a cross-section of the throat of a nozzle, taken on line 8 8 oi' Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is a section of the nozzle, taken onv line 9 9 of Fig. 7. Fig. 10 is a view looking at the end of the nozzle. Fig. 11 is a detail view of the means employed forsecuring the intermediate buckets of the lower-pressure stages in position. Fig. 12 'is an enlarged view showing the shape of the intermediate and wheel buckets in cross-section, and Fig. 13 is a detail view oi' a means for holding the diaphragme in place when the machine is used horizontally.

In carrying out my invention I divide the turbine into` a relatively large number of stages and provide nozzles between the boiler or other source of elastic-Huid supply and the iirst stage and also between the stages, which nozzles have only a small amount oi' eXpansion, so that the velocity of the fluid-stream delivered thereby is relatively low. With this arrangement I find that two rows of ASerial No. 147,725.

(No model.)

wheel-buckets and a partial or segmental row of intermediate buckets in each stage are sutticient to abstract by successive operations all or substantially all of the velocity developed by the preceding nozzle. is divided into four stages, the pressure on the several diaphragms can be kept within reasonable limits and a large Vamount of energy from the steam or other elastic fluid can be abstracted,resulting in a turbine of high eiliciency. This high efficiency is due princi- Y pally to the fact that the velocity of the luid- 'stream isV moderate and the buckets relative is provided with an outwardly extending' flange on which is seated and Secured a casing 3`for the several stages. The casing in the present instance is made in four pieces, which are bolted together with steam-tight joints between them, the lines of division being in axial planes. The several sections are provided with radially-eXtending flanges through which the retaining-bolts 4 pass, and'all enl gage with the shoulder 5, formed on the upper end or' the base. The upper surface of/the casing is provided with a cover 6, having a thickened rim or flange 7 and radially-eX- tending strengthening-ribs 8, Fig. 4. The ribs are also connected-near their outer ends by webs 9. The cover is provided with open- I/Vhen the turbine ings 10, through which extend the nozzles 11. V

The nozzles are secured to the upper side oi .9 the cover by bolts 12, so that'the nozzle structure as a whole can be removed without disturbing the cover or other parts of the turi bine. The under side of the cover is provided with as many radially-extending openings 13 as there are sets of nozzles.

instance two of these opening are provided. I prefer to form these openings solely in the In the present cover instead of making the openings partially in the cover and partially in the casing, because it simplifies the construction and decreases the amount of labor required to finish them. In addition to the openings 13 other openings Mare provided, which have suitable detachable covers. rlhe object in providing the second set of openings-is to enable the bucket-wheel to be inspected without disturbing the intermediates or nozzles, and thus affecting the alinement. The intermediates are secured to the cover and to the casing by bolts 15, and by removing the bolts which secure them to the cover the latter can be raised bodily without disturbing the alinement of the intermediates or the wheels. The central portion of the cover is provided with-a suitable packing 16, which surrounds the vertically-extending shaft 17. Ihave found that the carbon rings 18 may withadvantage be employed for this purpose. In the present illustration two carbon rings are shown, which are separated from each other by a division-plate and are retained in place by a cover 19, the latter being secured to the hub of the cover by bolts. The hub of the cover is provided with a shoulder, and engaging therewith is a cylindrical support 19", that carries the bearing 20, the latter being surrounded by the support or stool 21, that carries the dynamo-electric machine or other apparatus to be driven. The support 19ab is provided with an inwardly-extending ange 22, havingan upturned edge which acts as a receiver for the lubricant thrown outward by the ring 23, carried by the main shaft.

In the present illustration I have shown four wheels, each of which is provided with two rows of buckets, the construction of which will be hereinafter described. Between the wheels are diaphragms 24, the construction of which is best shown in Fig. 2. The upper diaphragm is constructed somewhat differently from the diaphragms for the lower-pressure stages in that it does not carry the nozzles. The diaphragm is arched in order to give it strength, and the periphery is thickened, as at 25, to resist the heavy strains to which it is subjected owing to the difference in steampressure between the first and second stages. 'lhe periphery of the diaphragm is provided with a shoulder 26, that engages with a corresponding shoulder formed on the upper part of the casing 3. In addition to being thickened at the periphery the upper diaphragm is strengthened by radial ribs 27.

The diaphragms 30 of the lower-pressure stages are provided with thickened rims for the purpose of resisting internal strains, and they are also provided with deep radially-extending' ribs 31. The outer face of the diaphragm is turned off true and is seated on a shoulder 33, formed on the casing or shell.

It is to be noted that both the high and low pressure diaphragms rest on shoulders formed on the shell or casing 3 and are held in place by gravity and also by the pressure exerted thereon when the turbine is in operation. 4By this arrangement I am able to greatly reduce the amount of machine-work and at the same time dispense with all small parts, lsuch as bolts,

&c. When the machine is used in a position other than a vertical one, devices may be employed to prevent the diaphragms from leaving their seats when the pressure is taken off.

I have found that bolts 39", having conical charge end of these nozzles are rectangular in outline as distinguished from those nozzles which have a round throat and a rectangular' discharge end. This arrangement is made desirable for simplicity and by reason of the slight expansion which is given to the nozzles. This will be hereinafter referred to.

It will be noted that the sectionalizcd nozzle 37, Fig. 2, for the second stage is formed in the casing 3 as distinguished from forming it in the diaphragm. The nozzle is composed of a plurality of expanding passages ysituated adjacent to each other, so that the motive fluid is delivered therefrom in the form of a solid stream or jet. These passages are formed in an inwardly-extending' projection formed near the upper end of the casing or shell 3. It is advantageous to form the nozzles in the casin'g as distinguished from forming them in the diaphragm on account of the great strain to which the high-pressure diaphragm 24 is subjected. By this construction the high-pressure diaphragm can be made considerably smaller in diameter. Hence the pressure exerted thereon is correspondingly decreased. The construction and arrangement of the nozzle on the casing is such that the necessaryv metal can be provided to give it the requisite strength. Another ad vantage in this construction resides in the fact that the parts can be made of different kinds of metal. For example, the casing may be made of cast-iron and the diaphragm of cast-steel on account of its great strength. For various reasons it is impracticable to forma nozzle, and particularly one composed of a number of sections, in a steel casing atv the time it is made; but this can be done in cast-iron without difficulty under proper conditions. In this manner I utilize the metals to their best advantage.

The fourth or lowest wheel is in direct communication with the vacuum-chamber formed within the base 1. Between the double row of buckets on each wheel is situated a row of the emot locution und eure Stege :ire nmde e in 4 l ie motive i nichdue 'ihe intei'nielietee ere carried' by supports; 39, endl theilntterei'e seeted in grooves formed on the Vereine-rte of the shell or musing' 3f 'iheyfeie retained in pleeehy bolts Lil),l the heads kolf'whieh ure locuted outside of the easing; Fig'. .il one of these holte is shown'on f/uigenlnrgedeeele. itwill he noted that 'tl-ie 'und i' side of Vthe head is provided with e connv Il surface 41, which engages with e eiinilmj :surfacevonl the easing 3. The o'hjeet ot thie arrangement is to prevent eteai'n from escaping; around the body of the holt7 and hence tothe ttinoephere. it iS advantageous. to mount toene :intermee in grooves fori'ned in' the seeing', he

it sii'npliies the metter ol elinenient and also 'the work machining. i

fitter the ende of the eener-ui parte oi' the easing ere finished and are united hy' retaining-holte it is mounted on u boring-mill and. the shoulders for receiving the diaphragme and the grooves iorthe intermediates are nitide; Thisv Work een ell he done on a.' hoi'in. @n ofiordinery construction and hy 'ol :i Suitable teinnlet 'eine o1" ull the shoulders andgrooves determined; the hed ot' the boring-` uiill serving es e, heee from Vwhich to make the measurements. ln 'this manner nheolute ne eui'aey in construction is ussurechA it is Iiinportent that these intermediate huelsets be eeeuretelyelined on aeeountot' theliinited elearanee between theui and the wheel-huelui-ts. The interineifliutes for the iii'st or highqn'esminisitehie,v but those 'for the'lower pressure stages ere innhovuhle. if he clearance between tl e e ntionery end inovingn hue-kots in the lire't Stege n'nide es ernfill possible Consistent `with goed ..iiierntion end the-clearances between the etntionei-y' and movin n' parte ot' the louer-'pieesu re Staines suecesively inereused. This is nnule possible hy reason of the decreased pressure ot' the motive fluid. i'

The nd'juetnliiility oi' the liigilrpreesine in termed inthe ie apparent 'from' Fig. l. .lhef ends ot the iiiterniediutesupoort a'r'e'provided with projections 42, containing niljuetingbolts, which ongege-with'oiiposite Sides 4ot' the progections i5-3, formed on or secured tothe l cover 6. Between 'the bodies of the reteiningg'` holte and the Support for the intermediate ie e slight amount of clemence, so thsitwhen the holte` l5 :1re heeked ofil slightlyY the intermediete een be effljusted up oi' down` ne fleeu'ed.

provided with n suitable'support feel, whieh ifi.

mounted .in the heee oi! themachiner ltcoiw i 'construction the wheels andthe ehnit u jeeted outi the outside of the ,vheel, pue..

The vertically-extending= main Shaft i7 is prises essentially, aloearing-, which is eitu` uted un'eetly under the shutt, and a, hearing 4:69 .which .prevents the shaft from ino-vingr hiterzilly. Situated -uhove the hein'ing'suppo1jt is i Coller ll?, which with' thelsurgipert 7o ie shalt is lowered by rotetingth'i .erewilmeliwurd. lyyni'ozieonof illylie supported when it ie desired .toremovelthe when tl Justine lower hearing. -lfhe Wheels are seated "on 75 Shoulders formei onthe shaft, end engngiiig' with the upper wheel is n Suitable nut. y I i ln-neeenihiing the turbinev the wheels mounted infnlziee and properly :icljuetedfwith respect. to the higlnpressure nozzles und the SO fixed imei-malintesi, alter which the highqire' Sure intez'niedifites ereedjusted `to the proper position. it importentfto nutintuin smell clearances between the moving end stationary parte of the tiret Wheel beoeueeo'- the diier- 85 ence in pressure which existe-between thedieehm'ge end offtlie'uozzle und :the :inelosingif shell.' vllhen it. is coneideredthet the leeg ege through kthe clearances flete mined by pressure dillerenee,v theaneceseity of melting' 9,@

small el, 'enees is yapp'areut The nozzlesdiseherge steam et u pressure slightly above' thetof the shell, and owing to e. the "feet that they cover en extended :treethe tot-nl leakage may amount to considerable with vven improper '95 relation of pere. It is importent to drain otl the witter of eon' denszition, so :is to prevent it from heing'e ried along' With the steam, and thus absorbing; heet therefrom. `A.systemoi" drnineggeie'pro' vided for this purpose, whi`eh heet shown'` in Figs. l and 2, 'wherein 50 representen 'dej Hector having perforations 5l. Theseper. forations are in line with the discharge endg` ot' the tiret wheel, as Shown .in Fig. l. upper end of the de'leetor iS situetedvjuet loeflou the clearance between the wheel und intermedinte hnelcets, eo that any weterpro- .l et this point Wihx pees to the outside of the ue gutter The'd'ephraginlf is provided with a number of catch-basins formed between the vradial ribs and the thickened frii'n; in order to convey water from this; point" to.

vided, neshown in dotted lil"n ssi-gee communicate with the verme i ingiinesegee that drain the gnttersh.. l'n

order. to control the flow of i 'iter from one stage to the next e Valve 5 provided het'm if@ inge eoniwil surface 55, wliioh ei'igg'zigeswth a. eorreenoiuiing' seetvin the paesae'eleeding" from oneehell to thenext. These passages lorined in the easing orshell. The eeeond'whoel ie provided with u per't'oieted (le-'.125 leetoi'-plete arranged emular to plate 50. i, it

will. he noted that theee platee nre situated' between the w:iter-disolmrging nasse the preceding' stage :md the buche wheels.

ln this nimmer water drainedv troni one Stege ISO The"l I O5 lector :1nd he collected inthe I I0.

are pro- I 5 yond the bucket-wheel.

municates with aspace or gutter located back the bucket-wheel (33.

ford a firm bcaringi'or the buckets.

isjfprevented from being entrained with the steam discharged from the second wheel.

The diaphragm 30 is provided with a passage 57 for conveying water to a point be- .lhis passage comqf the deflector-plate, which is attached to the periphery oi' the diaphragm and also communicatcs with the adjacent stage ot' lower After the water is discharged from this passage it flows through the opening or passage 58, that is formed back of and shunts the intermediate. This construction being the onc followed 1n the next stage of lower I5 pressure, further description is unnecessary.

Referring' to Figs. (i and 12, the construction of the buckets will be described. A plurality of riulially-extending buckets 60, having sharpened receiving and discharge ends,

2O are cast or formed integral with a segmental support 61. For large machines it will be found best to make these buckets up in relatively short segments; but for smaller niachines itis not so necessary, and the segments 25 can bemade much larger, or even thc whole row of buckets can be formed in a single ring. The buckets are provided with adetachable cover 62., which 1s preferably made up 1n sections and secured in place by tenons formcdi 30 integral with the buckets, the said tenons bejections or shouii i on the buckets engage or interlock with the shoulders formed on the wheel, 'and the major portion of the strain due to centrifugal.action is taken up by these shoulders By thisconstructionall dan2crotl breakage under centrifugal strain is obviated,

and the buckets and wheel can be made at a.

minimum co. y

Referring to alg. l2, 1t will be seen that the support 61 and the cover 62 are somewhat wider than the bucket and that the sharpened rear edge of the bucket is fiush with the support and cover, whereas the t'ront .edge is set back slightly Jfrom said support and cover. llt will also be seen that thc support and cover arebeveled or cut away slightly at the cntrance of the working passage between the buckets. 'lhe object in this arrangement is ,to insure an unobstructed entrance oi' motive fiuid lo the passage, since any restriction at (if. this point tends to ereateeddies resulting in a decrease in eiiciency.. By having the support and cover project beyond the buckets there is In Fig. 5is shown in plan one section of the Y cylindrical casing 3. This clearly illustrates the feature of theinwardly-extending projection having a shoulder 66 to receive the diaphragm 24:'and the noi/.zles ,37 and also that the lines of division are ifx'radial planes. 53 represents the passage shown in dotted lines for conveying Water of condensation from the diaphragm to a point beyond the-wheel, and 52 represents the gutter which collects the water received from the wheel and discharges it through the opening 56 into the adjacent stageot' lower pressure. .In this figure the valve Iltis not shown, although the opening and the seat therefor are illustrated in dotted lines. At 67 are illustratedin dotted lines the openings `for receiving the intermediate re-` taining-bolts 40. y

In Fig. 7 is shown a longitudinal section of a nozzle for converting the pressure of the motive fluid into velocity and discharging it against the bucket-wheels. The nozzle comprises a. plurality of passages, each provided' with a wcll-rounded bowl land arestricted throat 68 in the form of a parallelogram. The cross-section on line 8 8 at the throat is as indicated in Fig. 8. At9 9 the section isa par@ allelogram of the form illustrated in Fig. 9. In Fig. 10 is shown the shape of the strearnof motive fiu id as it strikes the bucketrwheel. i It will be noted that it corresponds closely tothe shape oi' the passages between wheel-buckets.

lt has been customary heretofore to4 make roo' the throat 68 of the nozzleor nozzle-section of circular cross-section and to gradual-ly change the form to a rectangle at the polnt ot dlscharge, which arrangement is, generally speaky ing, satisfactory where the veloci ty f .of the fluid stream is relatively high. however, where the velocity ot' the fiuid stream is relatively low that it is better to change the form of the throat from one having a circular cross-section to one having the formof a parallelograln, because by so doing the .several passages or sections may be grouped in amanncr to occupy a vsmaller space and the angle of the throats with respect to the Wheel can. be improved. The feature of a nozzle section or passage having flat diverging walls as contrasted with one having a. cylindrical wall with a rectangular discharge-opening is also ad vantageous, because it gives a better lateral ex` pansion to the motive fluid. rl`he reason why my improved nozzle sections or passages can be grouped' in a smaller space than those having circularthroats readily apparent when the difference in arca between a circle and a square whose sides equal the diameter of the circle is considered. Forexample, a reetan gular opening having an area of one square I have found,

inch "-.aflmlll have Slides one inch long, whereas elxcle., lmving e cross-sectional aree of one s `lnl'zlui'oelcl yhave a diameter of' LlQlnL-hes.

ln @they worde', each cylindrical throatoceu- 5 pies liter Space than ereetenguliu' throat ofthe saine lei.'oss-section; Hence the tot-al rspace occupied by the nozzle will be greater in the 'former frese than in the latter.

The o? the throat of e nozzle or nozzle- O section is ilelvernxlned hy the amount of fluid 'which ,innen peesrtlnfongh it to full the eonditions ooiexlfltion: The discharge end of the nozzle mnstbeso shaped that the conovr of he iuicl stream es delivered will oorreepond tolnhai, of :the receiving* passage or passages between the Wheehbuckete; otherwise they will nel; ,be filled, and there will hee loss in eioency By making the throat of @eeh nozzle or nozzleeecion lwhere a 'numbei1 me groupediogether in' theform of e pm ellelom ,g1-emi 'een ohmin nnydesired expansion, no metten how smell it may be", and el, the salme ennev groep ille seetions into e minimum amount of space." l'he bowl of eeen nozzle or nozzleeeetion should' be' rounded, so es to xe- (luce the lfxictionel retardation of the Steam, .andthesurfaces uniting the throat with the bowlshould be carefully rounclecl for the Seme reason. f

1t will be, seen that byteking oil' one of the seotoneof elle easing' all of the Wheels are exposed, anal '5J-his without altering 'bhe alinenient of the meehine 'elfe/hole. To' 'peli the inet.-

l, ln eecel'flenee"Will the 'pro'vie'ons of She patentshnmles l l ,sie deecrlbed the principle of operation ol'my inventioniogehel wim me eppnefuue which ,l Vnew conelle'/o r the beeemhozlilnent thereofglml, l leen-e to lleve ib n'ncleretoosl JQnablhe' appareme shown is only illustmlli'feend! that the invention een' be carried ont in otilenwys."

Vl/'lmt ieeim es A`new/'fand'ileeie'f to' secure by L frs Patente? the--Unitecl Sintes, iel 1 new elastic-fluid tuhine, the combineion of e plurality offsoparete compmfbmen-s or shells egwheel l'oreechshell, e Cloni row of buelie, foeeehfwlieel, one on meh enleof the plane o ne Wheel, Supports for thelinoliets nhi, rl1 e @Single 'rowof inemeflinmhuckets for enel; compnet-'nient el, ell which is in line with lie limiting myself lo l The nrloine shown le. of many of the improve? Secured izo the sides of the wheel,

or iQhells, a wheel )for enel: Shell lmfing :L smooth 'ieriphery, e double row oi b uokets 70 for each wheel, smppor loi' lie buckets' which ln'e ec'wfm'ell lo opposite sides of the Wheel,v n le ow ol' intermeilinM-l hu@ "for-eeen comperement; er shell which le situated loef s, ,.leeelmhle hueliew eport which willem of the m heg-owl lle vvlleele'fln, l/he Support in en;, l, and e Segment-:ll o seemed the oel-er enfle of ehe buckets,

Yln elm-bi1 l the con 'nation e .'lheel ehimlelere formeel en oppel for er1 en l withelloulflerewlieh inle'ioeliwilahihewheeh l shoulders, Ineens; lol' retaining the imelleftejin l l @over which closes ln alle ouef l e Timeliee "'lielehy the motive .fluid i ,l if Allle lo the el'fliel'. l .an ol. :l @heel perl plierel place en@ e,

projectier l oloeee 'line outer oli' 1l. .lo a turbine, the comment-ifm of ewlioel o1' support lnwlng; shoulder loaf-meal on one of iis fece j meen alle {loulile rows: of lmolqe'tfs and eppo- 75 segmental form end provided 10G intermediate buckets in the shell and extending between the wheel-buckets, and a nozzle for delivering a jet of' motive fluid to the wheel.

9. In an elastic-fluid turbine, the combination of' a row of buckets, a support and cover thereforv which project beyond one edge of each bucket and are flush with the other edge, a second row of' buckets ad jacent thereto, and a support and cover therefor which project beyond the buckets on the side adjacent to the the first row of buckets and are flush therewith on the opposite side.

l0. In an elastic-fl uid turbine, the combina-` tion of apluralit'y of buckets havingI sharpened front and rear edges, with a support and cover therefor which project beyond thesharpened front edge of the bucket and .are provided with cut-away surfaces to facilitate the entrance of motive iiuid to the passages between buckets.

11. In an elastic-Huid turbine, the combination `of a wheel, a casing therefor having a groove formed in the interior wall, an intermediate bucket-support which is seated in said groove, a diaphragm, a shoulder between the diaphragm and the easing whereby the former is supported, and nozzles for converting the pressure of the motive Huid into velocity and discharging it against the wheels.

12. In an elastic-Huid turbine, the combination of two or more wheels, a casing which incluses the wheels and has a groove formed in the interior wall, intermediate buckets which are fitted into thegroove and are situated entirely within the casing, bolts for securing the buckets in place which are accessible from the outside of the casing, andI a diaphragm for separating adjacent wheels whichY is entirely inclosed by the casing.

13. In an elastic-fluid turbine, thecombina tion of a wheel, a casing which incloses the wheel and has a groove formed in the interior wall, intermediate buckets which are fitted into the groove and are situated entirely within the easing, bolts lfor securing the buckets in place which are accessible from the outside of the casing, and an enlargement on each of the bolts for preventing t'he escape of' motive iiuid around its body.

` 14. In an elastic-fluid turbine, the combination of a wheel, a casing therefor, intermediate buckets and their support which are entirely inclosed by the casing bolts which enter the casing from the outside, and a conical enlargement under eachl bolt-head for preventing the escape of motive fluid around its body. '15. In an elastic-duid turbine, the combination of a plurality of wheels having radial buckets, asectional casing having an inwardlyextending. projection formed integral therewith, which overhangs the wheel and has a'` nozzle cast therein, said nozzle comprising` closely-associated passages for delivering fluid to the wheel, a detachable diaphragm between the wheels which rests on the projection, and

a shoulder between the projection and the dia-l phragm.

16.` In a staged turbine, the combination of a casing having' a projection which overhangs a bucket-wheel, ashoulder which is formed on its inner wall and outsideof' a wheel-periphery. nozzles for the projection, a diaphragm which rests on the projection, a second dia-` phragm larger than the first, which rests on the shoulder, andbucket-wheels inclosed by the casing and located adjacent to the diaphragms. p

17, In a turbine, the combination* of a bucket-wheel, a casing therefor li'avinga projection which extends inward over the buckets toward the axis of the wheel, nozzles for de- 19. .A turbine-casing comprising a cylinder:

which is split into sections in radial planes, certain of the sections having a plurality of closely-associated nozzle-passages and the re-y mainder being without.

20. In a turbine, the combination of a bucket-wheel, a casing therefor comprising a plurality 'of sections each of which is provided with a `projection that extends inward over the buckets, and a plurality of closely-associated nozzle-passages which are formed in certain of the said projections and not 1n others.`

21. In aturbine, the combinationof acasing having a shoulder formed on the inside thereof', a cover for the casing, a lbucket-wheel, and

a diaphragm which rests on theshoulder and is held'there by its own weightand by thepressure to which it is subjected. 22. In a turbine, the combination of a casing IIO having two or more internal shoulders formed thereon, a cover for the top of the casing, two

or more buckct-wheeis mounted on a common shaft, and diaphragms which separate,` the44 wheels one from the other`l` and restfon the',

shoulders -withinthe casing and are retained in place by their own weight and by the pressure to which they are subjected.

23. In a turbine, the combination of a casing having an internal shoulder formed thereon'at a point between the ends, a bucket-wheel, a diaphragm which rests on the shoulder and is held in place by its own weight and by the presreo sure to whiehit is subjected, and nozzles which I are movable with the diaphragm.

24. In a turbine, the combination of a cylin-Y. 4drlcal casing having a shoulder anda guide,.

oi'mo hoyooo at point botwoen its onde, a f

ony thc shoulder Aand is n dicendo-Huid tuihnc, the combna- @ion of cuckoo-u'Eloois, a casing' which incloses all of the? w cis and 1s separated m :mm1- pa-ncs, Shoudms fox'mcd on the loner mills oi thc casing m'mecn che endo, aud'diaphmgms which spm'ac thc space between ,thowhols and. are suppol'tcd by hc shoulders. i415. ha im cl fud t/obinc,the'combimion of a p11 hay ci? whco1s :1 casing' which incloscs che .vhoolc a plojccou on the. imm' w of 'nbc casing which is provided with :a Sboufflcl' n :L groove., o 'lapluagm which separates on@ Wheel from the next and rests on the Shoulder, and inta-mediate buckcs which :d in the 'loovc. f En an clz=,stc-ud turbina the combinau Lion oi o pmaty of scag'ca a Wheel for cach stap@ n ifur-'siaic nterm EL m im e, tuidturbine, he comonou of' o in hechmd intcrmcdiatc, a c- 'flac/Un' pars @rounding a row of Wheellckcts and having om, odge nearly'iri i'ne with wao t nnovng and intermeo'ctcd. f s omiweight :md by tho infos-suyo g oxe'tcd thereon, and pre/vented from mmruoc from the Whcc-buck- 'tion of a, missing mvx from he .fwhcol and tho nc and :L dcccccr which is ahtachd to the diaphragm for collecting Water thrown' from the Wheel! j ucwcastc-iud mibne, the combina.- lzion of two or more stages, a Wheel for each s rc: diaphragm which separates one stage from Hw, next., Water convcyng passages which cx tend from on togo to the next, yand dc'cctorb which arc c ed between the passagosond the vfhoeo.y

35. In an clmstic-'luid urone, a, pho-Miky 0f sopzuzztc nozzc sections m' passages goupcd togcthe' ao armngcd to dischzawc motive Huid as zz, solid @trimm cach nozzle section or pnssagc hm" 1g a throat and dischgrge end which cms section :form a, paralcogmm, con/s which are antcror to said nozzle sec- 'ons or oa ges, a casing in which thc noz- ?.c @4L an a dapuagm which Tesis on turbine, 'the combina- Lt-WheoL a cover for mpextonding openings Ac upper end of. scid caswzlll .ff said openings,

fic-fluid mbnc, the combinato of a' om a buck '.m'loo, acovcr fol-thc cabing having md5@l5x-cztcnd1g openings h@ undo? sido, bho upper end of said. casing form* o; the, owor W211i for the. woning@7 intorbuc which wo mountod insg-id cg mingle-focal ing '.f rlich are ccac in 'che whim@ the colubirm,n j shudder, 2. guter foymcd in the shoud for coocting Water du@ to conde-.1 onion., and adiaphragm mounted on the Shoulder. v n an olasibcud turbine, the combination of u. casing .having a projection which extends inward@ over the Wheel-buckets, noz- Zes carried thor-co3@ a Qute? formed in the pzojociaon, passage for drawing the Water from hc guucl; and buckcbwhool.

410. lo a turbio@ the combination of mty of bucl;L@wheelsi a, @ephragm botwccn each 'pair of w'hoclox :a sectional cacng for the, wheels whim is d vide in axia planos, eac-ch scclvon covering' o phucty of wheels.'

41. In a turbine, the combination of a plurality of wheels7 :i sectional casing which surrounds the Wheels and is divided in axial planes, each of said sections being common to a plurality of Wheel-chambers. I A 42. 1nv a turbine, the combination of' a eas ing, a diaphragm engaging with a seat on the caslng and normally held in place by the pressure' to-wliich it is subjected, and means for preventing the diaphragm from leaving its seat when the pressure thereon is removed.

In a turbine, the combination of a casing having a seat formed thereon, a diaphragm engaging therewith and normally held against the seat by 'the pressure to which it is subjeeted, and bolts which engage with the diaphragm for preventing it from leavingfits seat when the pressure is removed from the diaphia'tgm.

44.* In an elastic-ll uid turbine, the eombinar HELEN @mailenV 

